Infections fall into two main groups – those caused by bacteria, and those caused by viruses. Bacteria arc relatively large’ organisms, existing outside the body cells, while viruses are much smaller, and need to get inside the body’s cells in order to multiply. Viruses are responsible for many of the major infective illnesses that still trouble us in the West – the common cold, influenza, chickenpox, measles, German measles, hepatitis, and, of course, AIDS.
Unfortunately, the only way lo stop most viral infections is by preventing them from occurring in the first place through immunisation. Immunisation, however, has to be carried out disease- by disease – a separate immunisation is required for polio, influenza, German measles, and so on, even though sometimes the inoculations can be mixed in one injection. The point of immunisation is to expose the body lo each type of virus, but in a safe, inactive form. This activates the immune .system, which remembers the chemical shape of the outside coal of the virus. Then, if any of the ‘real’ viruses invade in the future, the body quickly recognises them and mobilises the immune system lo destroy them before they can do any damage.
Bacterial infections include most of the infections that produce pus or boils; in addition, such infections as typhoid, gonorrhoea, diphtheria and whooping cough are all bacterial infections. The body’s immune system will fight bacteria, but nowadays bacteria can also be killed off by antibiotics – at least, in most cases. Bacteria are usually quick to succumb once a suitable antibiotic has been given, but sometimes an infection gets too tenacious a hold for antibiotics to do any good, and on other occasions bacteria tan develop resistance to particular antibiotics.
As well as bacteria and viruses there are other groups of infective agents, such as spirochaetes (which in this country cause syphilis and the water-borne Weil’s disease). In tropical climates, infections by worms and other parasites can be common; these include malaria, which is a small parasitic organism that lives in the red blood cells and the liver, and is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito.
The characteristic sign of an infection (other than very minor ones) is a raised temperature. The temperature rise varies according to your age, and the diseaseitself; as a rough rule of thumb, anything above 101°F is likely to be a viral infection (with the exception of urinary infection, malaria and septicaemia, Commonly known as blood poisoning). Smaller rises in temperature are usually associated with bacterial infections.
The age of the patient has an important bearing on the temperature, too. By comparison with adults, children produce much higher temperatures: in an adult, a minor infection which causes a temperature of 99.5°F may produce a raging temperature of 102°F in a child. In the same way, the temperature rise is usually much smaller in the elderly, in comparison to the middle-aged adult.
often children don’t complain of headaches when they have infections, but perceive the pain to be in their abdomens. ‘I’ve got a tummyache, Mummy’ is the childhood equivalent of the adult’s ‘I’ve got a headache’.
It’s generally true that any illness that produces a fever can produce a headache; it,, headache is worse in the earliest and middle parts of the infection, and usually dies down as the fever starts to wane.
In the specifically childhood diseases – chickenpox, measles, and so on – it is often only when the rash comes out that the parents realise their child is suffering In ‘in something other than a heavy cold or a dose of flu, as intrinsically, there is little difference between the infection caused by influenza and that caused by chicken pox. It really doesn’t matter, anyway, because once a viral infection has taken hold there’s very little we can do except treat the symptoms as they arise, using extra fluids, paracetamol for the temperature (aspirin can be used for adults) and bed rest. For uncomplicated viral infections, ordinary antibiotics are useless and there is no point in prescribing them.
Sometimes a simple viral infection becomes more complex: perhaps a secondary Infection such as a bacterial chest infection develops in a patient who started off With flu. Often it’s obvious what has happened – such as when the patient starts coughing up coloured sputum. In children, a viral infection of the nose and throat can sometimes be followed by an ear infection. Most secondary infections are caused by bacteria, so in these cases the doctor will want to prescribe an antibiotic. Although the primary cause of the illness (the virus) won’t respond to an antibiotic, the secondary (bacterial) infection will.
In a bacterial infection, a headache usually comes on only if there is quite extensive infection. The two bacterial infections most likely to do this are a urinary tract infection, and a chest infection.
However, infections in the face, head and neck areas can produce headaches directly. Sinus infections produce headaches through pressure on the facial bones, dental infections can also produce headaches, and viral infections which affect the lymphatic glands in the neck can cause muscle spasm of the neck muscles.
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